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BFD for RIP

Understanding BFD for RIP

The Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) Protocol is a simple hello mechanism that detects failures in a network. Hello packets are sent at a specified, regular interval. A neighbor failure is detected when the routing device stops receiving a reply after a specified interval. BFD works with a wide variety of network environments and topologies. BFD failure detection times are shorter than RIP detection times, providing faster reaction times to various kinds of failures in the network. Instead of waiting for the routing protocol neighbor timeout, BFD provides rapid detection of link failures. BFD timers are adaptive and can be adjusted to be more or less aggressive. For example, a timer can adapt to a higher value if the adjacency fails, or a neighbor can negotiate a higher value for a timer than the one configured. Note that the functionality of configuring BFD for RIP described in this topic is not supported in Junos OS Releases 15.1X49, 15.1X49-D30, or 15.1X49-D40.

Note:

EX4600 and QFX5000 Series switches running Junos OS or Junos OS Evolved do not support minimum interval values of less than 1 second in centralized and distributed mode.

BFD enables quick failover between a primary and a secondary routed path. The protocol tests the operational status of the interface multiple times per second. BFD provides for configuration timers and thresholds for failure detection. For example, if the minimum interval is set for 50 milliseconds and the threshold uses the default value of three missed messages, a failure is detected on an interface within 200 milliseconds of the failure.

Intervening devices (for example, an Ethernet LAN switch) hide link-layer failures from routing protocol peers, such as when two routers are connected by way of a LAN switch, where the local interface status remains up even when a physical fault happens on the remote link. Link-layer failure detection times vary, depending on the physical media and the Layer 2 encapsulation. BFD can provide fast failure detection times for all media types, encapsulations, topologies, and routing protocols.

To enable BFD for RIP, both sides of the connection must receive an update message from the peer. By default, RIP does not export any routes. Therefore, you must enable update messages to be sent by configuring an export policy for routes before a BFD session is triggered.

Example: Configuring BFD for RIP

This example shows how to configure Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) for a RIP network.

Requirements

No special configuration beyond device initialization is required before configuring this example.

Overview

To enable failure detection, include the bfd-liveness-detection statement:

Optionally, you can specify the threshold for the adaptation of the detection time by including the threshold statement. When the BFD session detection time adapts to a value equal to or greater than the threshold, a single trap and a system log message are sent.

To specify the minimum transmit and receive interval for failure detection, include the minimum-interval statement. This value represents the minimum interval at which the local routing device transmits hello packets as well as the minimum interval at which the routing device expects to receive a reply from a neighbor with which it has established a BFD session. You can configure a value in the range from 1 through 255,000 milliseconds. This examples sets a minimum interval of 600 milliseconds.

Note:

BFD is an intensive protocol that consumes system resources. Specifying a minimum interval for BFD of less than 100 ms for Routing Engine-based sessions and 10 ms for distributed BFD sessions can cause undesired BFD flapping.

Depending on your network environment, these additional recommendations might apply:

  • For large-scale network deployments with a large number of BFD sessions, specify a minimum interval of 300 ms for Routing Engine-based sessions and 100 ms for distributed BFD sessions.

  • For very large-scale network deployments with a large number of BFD sessions, contact Juniper Networks customer support for more information.

  • For BFD sessions to remain up during a Routing Engine switchover event when nonstop active routing (NSR) is configured, specify a minimum interval of 2500 ms for Routing Engine-based sessions. For distributed BFD sessions with nonstop active routing configured, the minimum interval recommendations are unchanged and depend only on your network deployment.

You can optionally specify the minimum transmit and receive intervals separately.

To specify only the minimum receive interval for failure detection, include the minimum-receive-interval statement. This value represents the minimum interval at which the local routing device expects to receive a reply from a neighbor with which it has established a BFD session. You can configure a value in the range from 1 through 255,00 milliseconds.

To specify only the minimum transmit interval for failure detection, include the transmit-interval minimum-interval statement. This value represents the minimum interval at which the local routing device transmits hello packets to the neighbor with which it has established a BFD session. You can configure a value in the range from 1 through 255,000 milliseconds.

To specify the number of hello packets not received by a neighbor that causes the originating interface to be declared down, include the multiplier statement. The default is 3, and you can configure a value in the range from 1 through 255.

To specify the threshold for detecting the adaptation of the transmit interval, include the transmit-interval threshold statement. The threshold value must be greater than the transmit interval.

To specify the BFD version used for detection, include the version statement. The default is to have the version detected automatically.

You can trace BFD operations by including the traceoptions statement at the [edit protocols bfd] hierarchy level.

In Junos OS Release 9.0 and later, you can configure BFD sessions not to adapt to changing network conditions. To disable BFD adaptation, include the no-adaptation statement. We recommend that you not disable BFD adaptation unless it is preferable not to have BFD adaptation enabled in your network.

Figure 1 shows the topology used in this example.

Figure 1: RIP BFD Network TopologyRIP BFD Network Topology

CLI Quick Configuration shows the configuration for all of the devices in Figure 1. The section Step-by-Step Procedure describes the steps on Device R1.

Topology

Configuration

Procedure

CLI Quick Configuration

To quickly configure this example, copy the following commands, paste them into a text file, remove any line breaks, change any details necessary to match your network configuration, and then copy and paste the commands into the CLI at the [edit] hierarchy level.

Device R1

Device R2

Device R3

Step-by-Step Procedure

The following example requires you to navigate various levels in the configuration hierarchy. For information about navigating the CLI, see Using the CLI Editor in Configuration Mode in the CLI User Guide.

To configure a BFD for a RIP network:

  1. Configure the network interfaces.

  2. Create the RIP group and add the interface.

    To configure RIP in Junos OS, you must configure a group that contains the interfaces on which RIP is enabled. You do not need to enable RIP on the loopback interface.

  3. Create the routing policy to advertise both direct and RIP-learned routes.

  4. Apply the routing policy.

    In Junos OS, you can only apply RIP export policies at the group level.

  5. Enable BFD.

  6. Configure tracing operations to track BFD messages.

Results

From configuration mode, confirm your configuration by entering the show interfaces, show protocols, and show policy-options commands. If the output does not display the intended configuration, repeat the configuration instructions in this example to correct it.

If you are done configuring the device, enter commit from configuration mode.

Verification

Confirm that the configuration is working properly.

Verifying That the BFD Sessions Are Up

Purpose

Make sure that the BFD sessions are operating.

Action

From operational mode, enter the show bfd session command.

Meaning

The output shows that there are no authentication failures.

Checking the BFD Trace File

Purpose

Use tracing operations to verify that BFD packets are being exchanged.

Action

From operational mode, enter the show log command.

Meaning

The output shows the normal functioning of BFD.

Understanding BFD Authentication for RIP

BFD enables rapid detection of communication failures between adjacent systems. By default, authentication for BFD sessions is disabled. However, when running BFD over Network Layer protocols, the risk of service attacks can be significant. We strongly recommend using authentication if you are running BFD over multiple hops or through insecure tunnels. Beginning with Junos OS Release 9.6, Junos OS supports authentication for BFD sessions running over RIP. BFD authentication is only supported in the domestic image and is not available in the export image.

You authenticate BFD sessions by specifying an authentication algorithm and keychain, and then associating that configuration information with a security authentication keychain using the keychain name.

The following sections describe the supported authentication algorithms, security keychains, and the level of authentication that can be configured:

BFD Authentication Algorithms

Junos OS supports the following algorithms for BFD authentication:

  • simple-password—Plain-text password. One to 16 bytes of plain text are used to authenticate the BFD session. One or more passwords can be configured. This method is the least secure and should be used only when BFD sessions are not subject to packet interception.

  • keyed-md5—Keyed Message Digest 5 hash algorithm for sessions with transmit and receive intervals greater than 100 ms. To authenticate the BFD session, keyed MD5 uses one or more secret keys (generated by the algorithm) and a sequence number that is updated periodically. With this method, packets are accepted at the receiving end of the session if one of the keys matches and the sequence number is greater than or equal to the last sequence number received. Although more secure than a simple password, this method is vulnerable to replay attacks. Increasing the rate at which the sequence number is updated can reduce this risk.

  • meticulous-keyed-md5—Meticulous keyed Message Digest 5 hash algorithm. This method works in the same manner as keyed MD5, but the sequence number is updated with every packet. Although more secure than keyed MD5 and simple passwords, this method might take additional time to authenticate the session.

  • keyed-sha-1—Keyed Secure Hash Algorithm I for sessions with transmit and receive intervals greater than 100 ms. To authenticate the BFD session, keyed SHA uses one or more secret keys (generated by the algorithm) and a sequence number that is updated periodically. The key is not carried within the packets. With this method, packets are accepted at the receiving end of the session if one of the keys matches and the sequence number is greater than the last sequence number received.

  • meticulous-keyed-sha-1—Meticulous keyed Secure Hash Algorithm I. This method works in the same manner as keyed SHA, but the sequence number is updated with every packet. Although more secure than keyed SHA and simple passwords, this method might take additional time to authenticate the session.

Note:

Nonstop active routing is not supported with meticulous-keyed-md5 and meticulous-keyed-sha-1 authentication algorithms. BFD sessions using these algorithms might go down after a switchover.

Note:

QFX5000 Series switches and EX4600 switches do not support minimum interval values of less than 1 second.

Security Authentication Keychains

The security authentication keychain defines the authentication attributes used for authentication key updates. When the security authentication keychain is configured and associated with a protocol through the keychain name, authentication key updates can occur without interrupting routing and signaling protocols.

The authentication keychain contains one or more keychains. Each keychain contains one or more keys. Each key holds the secret data and the time at which the key becomes valid. The algorithm and keychain must be configured on both ends of the BFD session, and they must match. Any mismatch in configuration prevents the BFD session from being created.

BFD allows multiple clients per session, and each client can have its own keychain and algorithm defined. To avoid confusion, we recommend specifying only one security authentication keychain.

Strict Versus Loose Authentication

By default, strict authentication is enabled and authentication is checked at both ends of each BFD session. Optionally, to smooth migration from nonauthenticated sessions to authenticated sessions, you can configure loose checking. When loose checking is configured, packets are accepted without authentication being checked at each end of the session. This feature is intended for transitional periods only.

Example: Configuring BFD Authentication for RIP

This example shows how to configure Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) authentication for a RIP network.

Requirements

No special configuration beyond device initialization is required before configuring this example.

The devices must be running Junos OS Release 9.6 or later.

Overview

Only three steps are needed to configure authentication on a BFD session:

  1. Specify the BFD authentication algorithm for the RIP protocol.

  2. Associate the authentication keychain with the RIP protocol.

  3. Configure the related security authentication keychain.

Figure 2 shows the topology used in this example.

Figure 2: RIP BFD Authentication Network TopologyRIP BFD Authentication Network Topology

CLI Quick Configuration shows the configuration for all of the devices in Figure 2. The section #d45e66__d45e234 describes the steps on Device R1.

Topology

Configuration

Procedure

CLI Quick Configuration

To quickly configure this example, copy the following commands, paste them into a text file, remove any line breaks, change any details necessary to match your network configuration, copy and paste the commands into the CLI at the [edit] hierarchy level, and then enter commit from configuration mode.

Device R1

Device R2

Device R3

Step-by-Step Procedure

The following example requires you to navigate various levels in the configuration hierarchy. For information about navigating the CLI, see Using the CLI Editor in Configuration Mode in the CLI User Guide.

To configure a BFD authentication:

  1. Configure the network interfaces.

  2. Create the RIP group and add the interface.

    To configure RIP in Junos OS, you must configure a group that contains the interfaces on which RIP is enabled. You do not need to enable RIP on the loopback interface.

  3. Create the routing policy to advertise both direct and RIP-learned routes.

  4. Apply the routing policy.

    In Junos OS, you can only apply RIP export policies at the group level.

  5. Enable BFD.

  6. Specify the algorithm (keyed-md5, keyed-sha-1, meticulous-keyed-md5, meticulous-keyed-sha-1, or simple-password) to use.

    Note:

    Nonstop active routing is not supported with meticulous-keyed-md5 and meticulous-keyed-sha-1 authentication algorithms. BFD sessions using these algorithms might go down after a switchover.

  7. Specify the keychain to be used to associate BFD sessions on RIP with the unique security authentication keychain attributes.

    The keychain you specify must match a keychain name configured at the [edit security authentication key-chains] hierarchy level.

    The algorithm and keychain must be configured on both ends of the BFD session, and they must match. Any mismatch in configuration prevents the BFD session from being created.

  8. (Optional) Specify loose authentication checking if you are transitioning from nonauthenticated sessions to authenticated sessions.

  9. Specify the unique security authentication information for BFD sessions:

    • The matching keychain name as specified in Step 7.

    • At least one key, a unique integer between 0 and 63. Creating multiple keys allows multiple clients to use the BFD session.

    • The secret data used to allow access to the session.

    • The time at which the authentication key becomes active, in the format yyyy-mm-dd.hh:mm:ss.

  10. Configure tracing operations to track BFD authentication.

Results

From configuration mode, confirm your configuration by entering the show interfaces, show protocols, show policy-options, and show security commands. If the output does not display the intended configuration, repeat the configuration instructions in this example to correct it.

If you are done configuring the device, enter commit from configuration mode.

Verification

Confirm that the configuration is working properly.

Verifying That the BFD Sessions Are Authenticated

Purpose

Make sure that the BFD sessions are authenticated.

Action

From operational mode, enter the show bfd session detail command.

Meaning

Authenticate is displayed to indicate that BFD authentication is configured.

Viewing Extensive Information About the BFD Authentication

Purpose

View the keychain name, the authentication algorithm and mode for each client in the session, and the BFD authentication configuration status.

Action

From operational mode, enter the show bfd session extensive command.

Meaning

The output shows the keychain name, the authentication algorithm and mode for the client in the session, and the BFD authentication configuration status.

Checking the BFD Trace File

Purpose

Use tracing operations to verify that BFD packets are being exchanged.

Action

From operational mode, enter the show log command.

Meaning

The output shows the normal functioning of BFD.

Change History Table

Feature support is determined by the platform and release you are using. Use Feature Explorer to determine if a feature is supported on your platform.

Release
Description
15.1X49
Note that the functionality of configuring BFD for RIP described in this topic is not supported in Junos OS Releases 15.1X49, 15.1X49-D30, or 15.1X49-D40.